Global MLCC Market (2025-2031) | Investment Trends, Segmentation, Trends, Demand, Value, Revenue, Companies, Segments, Industry, Consumer Insights, Supply, Drivers, Forecast, Restraints, Share, Opportunities, Size, Growth, Pricing Analysis, Competitive, Strategic Insights, Analysis, Competition, Outlook, Challenges, Strategy

Market Forecast by Regions and Countries (North America, Europe, LATAM, Middle East, Asia and Africa), By End User (Aerospace and Defence, Automotive, Consumer Electronics, Industrial, Medical Devices, Power And Utilities, Telecommunication, Others) And Competitive Landscape
Product Code: ETC13164079 Publication Date: Apr 2025 Updated Date: Jul 2025 Product Type: Market Research Report
Publisher: 6Wresearch Author: Sachin Kumar Rai No. of Pages: 190 No. of Figures: 80 No. of Tables: 40

Global MLCC Market Size & Growth Rate

According to 6Wresearch internal database and industry insights, the Global MLCC Market was valued at USD 8 Billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 12 Billion by 2031, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 5.60% during the forecast period (2025-2031).

Global MLCC Market Overview

The global MLCC (multilayer ceramic capacitor) market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing demand for electronic devices across various industries such as automotive, telecommunications, consumer electronics, and healthcare. MLCCs are essential components in electronic circuits for their high capacitance density, reliability, and compact size. The market is characterized by intense competition among key players like Murata Manufacturing, Samsung Electro-Mechanics, and TDK Corporation, who are constantly innovating to improve MLCC performance and meet the evolving technological requirements. Factors such as the rising adoption of IoT devices, 5G technology, and electric vehicles are further fueling the demand for MLCCs. However, challenges like raw material shortages, pricing fluctuations, and supply chain disruptions pose constraints to market growth. Overall, the global MLCC market is poised for continued expansion in the coming years.

Global MLCC Market Trends and Opportunities

The Global MLCC (Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor) market is witnessing significant growth driven by the increasing demand for electronic devices such as smartphones, laptops, and automotive electronics. The trend towards miniaturization of electronic components and the shift towards electric vehicles are also contributing to the market`s expansion. Opportunities in the MLCC market lie in the development of MLCCs with higher capacitance and smaller sizes to meet the demands of next-generation electronic devices. Additionally, the growing adoption of MLCCs in emerging applications such as 5G technology, IoT devices, and renewable energy systems presents further growth prospects for market players. Overall, the Global MLCC market is expected to continue its growth trajectory, fueled by technological advancements and the proliferation of electronic devices across various industries.

Global MLCC Market Challenges

The Global Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor (MLCC) market faces several challenges, including supply chain disruptions due to the volatility of raw material prices, particularly with materials like palladium and nickel. Another challenge is the increasing demand for MLCCs in various industries, leading to shortages and longer lead times for procurement. Additionally, the ongoing trade tensions and geopolitical uncertainties can impact the market dynamics and pricing. Furthermore, the continuous technological advancements and the need for smaller, more efficient MLCCs pose challenges for manufacturers to keep up with the evolving requirements of customers. Overall, managing supply chain risks, addressing material shortages, meeting increasing demand, and staying competitive in a rapidly changing market are key challenges faced by players in the Global MLCC market.

Global MLCC Market Drivers

The Global MLCC (Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitor) Market is primarily driven by the increasing demand for consumer electronics, automotive electronics, and industrial applications. The rise in adoption of advanced technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), 5G connectivity, and electric vehicles has fueled the need for MLCCs, which are essential components in these devices. Additionally, the miniaturization trend in electronics and the growing focus on energy efficiency are driving the demand for smaller, higher capacitance MLCCs. The market is also influenced by factors such as the expansion of the automotive sector in emerging economies, the development of smart cities, and the rising demand for electronic components in the healthcare sector. Overall, these factors are expected to continue propelling the growth of the Global MLCC Market in the coming years.

Global MLCC Market Government Policy

Government policies related to the global MLCC (Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor) market primarily focus on environmental regulations, trade policies, and intellectual property rights protection. Various countries have implemented regulations to reduce the use of hazardous materials in MLCC production, promoting sustainable practices within the industry. Additionally, trade policies impact the import and export of MLCCs, influencing market dynamics and supply chain operations. Protection of intellectual property rights is crucial to encourage innovation and prevent counterfeiting within the MLCC market. Overall, government policies play a significant role in shaping the competitive landscape and driving growth opportunities for businesses operating in the global MLCC market.

Global MLCC Market Future Outlook

The Global MLCC (Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor) Market is expected to witness continued growth in the coming years, driven by increasing demand across various industries such as automotive, telecommunications, consumer electronics, and industrial applications. Factors such as the rising adoption of MLCCs in electric vehicles, 5G technology, and IoT devices, along with the miniaturization trend in electronic components, are anticipated to propel market growth. Additionally, the growing focus on energy efficiency and renewable energy sources is likely to create opportunities for MLCC manufacturers. However, challenges related to supply chain disruptions, raw material shortages, and pricing pressures may impact the market in the short term. Overall, technological advancements, coupled with evolving industry requirements, are expected to drive the Global MLCC Market forward in the foreseeable future.

Global MLCC Market Regional Insights

The global MLCC (Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor) market exhibits varying trends across different regions. In Asia, particularly in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea, there is a strong presence of electronics manufacturing, driving the demand for MLCCs. North America boasts a well-established technological infrastructure and a growing automotive sector, contributing to the market growth. In Europe, the emphasis on energy efficiency and sustainability is propelling the adoption of MLCCs in industries like automotive and telecommunications. The Middle East and Africa region is witnessing increasing investments in infrastructure development and industrial automation, fueling the demand for MLCCs. Latin America, with its expanding consumer electronics market, presents opportunities for growth in the MLCC market. Overall, the global MLCC market is dynamic, with each region demonstrating unique factors influencing its growth trajectory.

Key Highlights of the Report:

  • Global MLCC Market Outlook
  • Market Size of Global MLCC Market, 2024
  • Forecast of Global MLCC Market, 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Global MLCC Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Global MLCC Market Trend Evolution
  • Global MLCC Market Drivers and Challenges
  • Global MLCC Price Trends
  • Global MLCC Porter's Five Forces
  • Global MLCC Industry Life Cycle
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Global MLCC Market Revenues & Volume
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Global MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Global MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Aerospace and Defence for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Global MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Automotive for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Global MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Consumer Electronics for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Global MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Global MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Medical Devices for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Global MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Power And Utilities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Global MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Telecommunication for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Global Aerospace and Defence MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of North America MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of North America MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Aerospace and Defence for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of North America MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Automotive for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of North America MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Consumer Electronics for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of North America MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of North America MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Medical Devices for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of North America MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Power And Utilities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of North America MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Telecommunication for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of North America Aerospace and Defence MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of United States of America MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Canada MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of North America MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Aerospace and Defence for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Automotive for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Consumer Electronics for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Medical Devices for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Power And Utilities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Telecommunication for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Aerospace and Defence MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Brazil MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Mexico MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Argentina MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of LATAM MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Aerospace and Defence for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Automotive for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Consumer Electronics for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Medical Devices for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Power And Utilities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Telecommunication for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Aerospace and Defence MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Aerospace and Defence for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Automotive for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Consumer Electronics for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Medical Devices for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Power And Utilities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Telecommunication for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Aerospace and Defence MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Europe MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Europe MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Aerospace and Defence for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Europe MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Automotive for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Europe MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Consumer Electronics for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Europe MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Europe MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Medical Devices for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Europe MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Power And Utilities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Europe MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Telecommunication for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Aerospace and Defence MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of United Kingdom MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of France MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Germany MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Europe MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Aerospace and Defence for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Automotive for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Consumer Electronics for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Medical Devices for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Power And Utilities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Telecommunication for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Aerospace and Defence MLCC Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of UAE MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East MLCC Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Global MLCC Market - Key Performance Indicators
  • Global MLCC Market - Import Export Trade Statistics
  • Global MLCC Market - Opportunity Assessment By Countries
  • Global MLCC Market - Opportunity Assessment By End User
  • 0
  • Global MLCC Market - Top Companies Market Share
  • Global MLCC Market - Top Companies Profiles
  • Global MLCC Market - Comparison of Players in Technical and Operating Parameters
  • Global MLCC Market - Strategic Recommendations

Frequently Asked Questions About the Market Study (FAQs):

The Global MLCC Market size was valued USD 8 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 12 Billion by 2031.
The expected growth rate of the Global MLCC Market is 5.60% during the forecast period.
6Wresearch actively monitors the Global MLCC Market and publishes its comprehensive annual report, highlighting emerging trends, growth drivers, revenue analysis, and forecast outlook. Our insights help businesses to make data-backed strategic decisions with ongoing market dynamics. Our analysts track relevent industries related to the Global MLCC Market, allowing our clients with actionable intelligence and reliable forecasts tailored to emerging regional needs.
Yes, we provide customisation as per your requirements. To learn more, feel free to contact us on sales@6wresearch.com

Global MLCC Market

1 Executive Summary

2 Introduction

2.1 Key Highlights of the Report

2.2 Report Description

2.3 Market Scope & Segmentation

2.4 Research Methodology

2.5 Assumptions

3 Global MLCC Market Overview

3.1 Global Regional Macro Economic Indicators

3.2 Global MLCC Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 & 2031F

3.3 Global MLCC Market - Industry Life Cycle

3.4 Global MLCC Market - Porter's Five Forces

3.5 Global MLCC Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Regions, 2021 & 2031F

3.6 Global MLCC Market Revenues & Volume Share, By End User, 2021 & 2031F

4 Global MLCC Market Dynamics

4.1 Impact Analysis

4.2 Market Drivers

4.3 Market Restraints

5 Global MLCC Market Trends

6 Global MLCC Market, 2021 - 2031

6.1 Global MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By End User, 2021 - 2031

6.1.1 Overview & Analysis

6.1.2 Global MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By Aerospace and Defence, 2021 - 2031

6.1.3 Global MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By Automotive, 2021 - 2031

6.1.4 Global MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By Consumer Electronics, 2021 - 2031

6.1.5 Global MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By Industrial, 2021 - 2031

6.1.6 Global MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By Medical Devices, 2021 - 2031

6.1.7 Global MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By Power And Utilities, 2021 - 2031

6.1.8 Global MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By Telecommunication, 2021 - 2031

6.1.9 Global MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By Others, 2021 - 2031

6.2.1 Overview & Analysis

6.3.1 Overview & Analysis

7 North America MLCC Market, Overview & Analysis

7.1 North America MLCC Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

7.2 North America MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031

7.2.1 United States (US) MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

7.2.2 Canada MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

7.2.3 Rest of North America MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

7.3 North America MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By End User, 2021 - 2031

8 Latin America (LATAM) MLCC Market, Overview & Analysis

8.1 Latin America (LATAM) MLCC Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

8.2 Latin America (LATAM) MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031

8.2.1 Brazil MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

8.2.2 Mexico MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

8.2.3 Argentina MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

8.2.4 Rest of LATAM MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

8.3 Latin America (LATAM) MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By End User, 2021 - 2031

9 Asia MLCC Market, Overview & Analysis

9.1 Asia MLCC Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

9.2 Asia MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031

9.2.1 India MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

9.2.2 China MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

9.2.3 Japan MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

9.2.4 Rest of Asia MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

9.3 Asia MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By End User, 2021 - 2031

10 Africa MLCC Market, Overview & Analysis

10.1 Africa MLCC Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

10.2 Africa MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031

10.2.1 South Africa MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

10.2.2 Egypt MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

10.2.3 Nigeria MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

10.2.4 Rest of Africa MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

10.3 Africa MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By End User, 2021 - 2031

11 Europe MLCC Market, Overview & Analysis

11.1 Europe MLCC Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

11.2 Europe MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031

11.2.1 United Kingdom MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

11.2.2 Germany MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

11.2.3 France MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

11.2.4 Rest of Europe MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

11.3 Europe MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By End User, 2021 - 2031

12 Middle East MLCC Market, Overview & Analysis

12.1 Middle East MLCC Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

12.2 Middle East MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031

12.2.1 Saudi Arabia MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

12.2.2 UAE MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

12.2.3 Turkey MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031

12.3 Middle East MLCC Market, Revenues & Volume, By End User, 2021 - 2031

13 Global MLCC Market Key Performance Indicators

14 Global MLCC Market - Export/Import By Countries Assessment

15 Global MLCC Market - Opportunity Assessment

15.1 Global MLCC Market Opportunity Assessment, By Countries, 2021 & 2031F

15.2 Global MLCC Market Opportunity Assessment, By End User, 2021 & 2031F

16 Global MLCC Market - Competitive Landscape

16.1 Global MLCC Market Revenue Share, By Companies, 2024

16.2 Global MLCC Market Competitive Benchmarking, By Operating and Technical Parameters

17 Top 10 Company Profiles

18 Recommendations

19 Disclaimer

Pricing
  • Single User License
    $ 4,560
  • Department License
    $ 5,055
  • Site License
    $ 5,595
  • Global License
    $ 6,000
6Wresearch Support

Any Query

Call: +91-11-4302-4305
Email us: sales@6wresearch.com
Any Query? Click Here

Related Reports

Industry Events and Analyst Meet

Our Clients

Airtel
Canon
Contec
HoneyWell
Kriloskar
Pwc Logo
Samsung
Tata Teleservices

Whitepaper

Read All