Africa Exoskeleton Market (2025-2031) Outlook | Trends, Value, Forecast, Revenue, Growth, Companies, Size, Analysis, Share & Industry

Market Forecast by Countries (South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Rest of Africa), By Component (Hardware, Software), By Type (Powered, Passive), By Body Part (Lower Extremities, Upper Extremities, Full Body), By Mobility (Stationary, Mobile), By Structure (Rigid Exoskeletons, Soft Exoskeletons), By Vertical (Healthcare, Defense, Industrial, Others) And Competitive Landscape
Product Code: ETC4602945 Publication Date: Jul 2023 Updated Date: Jan 2025 Product Type: Report
Publisher: 6Wresearch No. of Pages: 200 No. of Figures: 90 No. of Tables: 300

Key Highlights of the Report:

  • Africa Exoskeleton Market Outlook
  • Market Size of Africa Exoskeleton Market, 2024
  • Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market, 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Africa Exoskeleton Market Trend Evolution
  • Africa Exoskeleton Market Drivers and Challenges
  • Africa Exoskeleton Price Trends
  • Africa Exoskeleton Porter's Five Forces
  • Africa Exoskeleton Industry Life Cycle
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Component for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Hardware for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Software for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Component for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Hardware for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Software for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Component for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Hardware for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Software for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Component for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Hardware for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Software for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Component for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Hardware for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Software for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Powered for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Passive for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Powered for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Passive for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Powered for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Passive for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Powered for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Passive for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Powered for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Passive for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Body Part for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Lower Extremities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Upper Extremities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Full Body for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Body Part for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Lower Extremities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Upper Extremities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Full Body for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Body Part for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Lower Extremities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Upper Extremities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Full Body for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Body Part for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Lower Extremities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Upper Extremities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Full Body for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Body Part for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Lower Extremities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Upper Extremities for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Full Body for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Mobility for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Stationary for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Mobile for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Mobility for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Stationary for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Mobile for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Mobility for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Stationary for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Mobile for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Mobility for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Stationary for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Mobile for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Mobility for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Stationary for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Mobile for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Structure for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Rigid Exoskeletons for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Soft Exoskeletons for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Structure for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Rigid Exoskeletons for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Soft Exoskeletons for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Structure for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Rigid Exoskeletons for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Soft Exoskeletons for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Structure for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Rigid Exoskeletons for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Soft Exoskeletons for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Structure for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Rigid Exoskeletons for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Soft Exoskeletons for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Vertical for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Healthcare for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Defense for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Vertical for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Healthcare for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Defense for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Vertical for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Healthcare for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Defense for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Vertical for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Healthcare for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Defense for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Kenya Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Vertical for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Healthcare for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Defense for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Africa Exoskeleton Market - Key Performance Indicators
  • Africa Exoskeleton Market - Import Export Trade Statistics
  • Africa Exoskeleton Market - Opportunity Assessment By Countries
  • Africa Exoskeleton Market - Opportunity Assessment By Component
  • Africa Exoskeleton Market - Opportunity Assessment By Type
  • Africa Exoskeleton Market - Opportunity Assessment By Body Part
  • Africa Exoskeleton Market - Opportunity Assessment By Mobility
  • Africa Exoskeleton Market - Opportunity Assessment By Structure
  • Market Opportunity Assessment By Vertical
  • Africa Exoskeleton Market - Top Companies Market Share
  • Africa Exoskeleton Market - Top Companies Profiles
  • Africa Exoskeleton Market - Comparison of Players in Technical and Operating Parameters
  • Africa Exoskeleton Market - Strategic Recommendations
  • Markets Covered
  • Africa Exoskeleton Market report provides a detailed analysis of the following market segments:
  • By Component :
  • Hardware
  • Software
  • By Type :
  • Powered
  • Passive
  • By Body Part :
  • Lower Extremities
  • Upper Extremities
  • Full Body
  • By Mobility :
  • Stationary
  • Mobile
  • By Structure :
  • Rigid Exoskeletons
  • Soft Exoskeletons
  • By Vertical :
  • Healthcare
  • Defense
  • Industrial
  • Others

Frequently Asked Questions About the Market Study (FAQs):

How does 6W market outlook report help businesses in making decisions?
6W monitors the market across 60+ countries Globally, publishing an annual market outlook report that analyses trends, key drivers, Size, Volume, Revenue, opportunities, and market segments. This report offers comprehensive insights, helping businesses understand market dynamics and make informed decisions.
Do you also provide customisation in the market study?
Yes, we provide customisation as per your requirements. To learn more, feel free to contact us on sales@6wresearch.com

1 Executive Summary

2 Introduction

2.1 Key Highlights of the Report

2.2 Report Description

2.3 Market Scope & Segmentation

2.4 Research Methodology

2.5 Assumptions

3 Africa Exoskeleton Market Overview

3.1 Africa Regional Macro Economic Indicators

3.2 Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 & 2031F

3.3 Africa Exoskeleton Market - Industry Life Cycle

3.4 Africa Exoskeleton Market - Porter's Five Forces

3.5 Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Countries, 2021 & 2031F

3.6 Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Component , 2021 & 2031F

3.7 Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Type , 2021 & 2031F

3.8 Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Body Part, 2021 & 2031F

3.9 Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Mobility, 2021 & 2031F

3.10 Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Structure, 2021 & 2031F

3.11 Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Vertical, 2021 & 2031F

4 Africa Exoskeleton Market Dynamics

4.1 Impact Analysis

4.2 Market Drivers

4.3 Market Restraints

5 Africa Exoskeleton Market Trends

6 Africa Exoskeleton Market, 2021 - 2031

6.1 Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component , 2021 - 2031

6.2 Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type , 2021 - 2031

6.3 Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Body Part, 2021 - 2031

6.4 Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Mobility, 2021 - 2031

6.5 Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Structure, 2021 - 2031

6.6 Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Vertical, 2021 - 2031

7 South Africa Exoskeleton Market, 2021 - 2031

7.1 South Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component , 2021 - 2031

7.2 South Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type , 2021 - 2031

7.3 South Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Body Part, 2021 - 2031

7.4 South Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Mobility, 2021 - 2031

7.5 South Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Structure, 2021 - 2031

7.6 South Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Vertical, 2021 - 2031

8 Nigeria Exoskeleton Market, 2021 - 2031

8.1 Nigeria Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component , 2021 - 2031

8.2 Nigeria Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type , 2021 - 2031

8.3 Nigeria Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Body Part, 2021 - 2031

8.4 Nigeria Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Mobility, 2021 - 2031

8.5 Nigeria Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Structure, 2021 - 2031

8.6 Nigeria Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Vertical, 2021 - 2031

9 Kenya Exoskeleton Market, 2021 - 2031

9.1 Kenya Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component , 2021 - 2031

9.2 Kenya Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type , 2021 - 2031

9.3 Kenya Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Body Part, 2021 - 2031

9.4 Kenya Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Mobility, 2021 - 2031

9.5 Kenya Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Structure, 2021 - 2031

9.6 Kenya Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Vertical, 2021 - 2031

10 Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market, 2021 - 2031

10.1 Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component , 2021 - 2031

10.2 Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type , 2021 - 2031

10.3 Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Body Part, 2021 - 2031

10.4 Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Mobility, 2021 - 2031

10.5 Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Structure, 2021 - 2031

10.6 Rest of Africa Exoskeleton Market, Revenues & Volume, By Vertical, 2021 - 2031

11 Africa Exoskeleton Market Key Performance Indicators

12 Africa Exoskeleton Market - Opportunity Assessment

12.1 Africa Exoskeleton Market Opportunity Assessment, By Countries, 2021 & 2031F

12.2 Africa Exoskeleton Market Opportunity Assessment, By Component , 2021 & 2031F

12.3 Africa Exoskeleton Market Opportunity Assessment, By Type , 2021 & 2031F

12.4 Africa Exoskeleton Market Opportunity Assessment, By Body Part, 2021 & 2031F

12.5 Africa Exoskeleton Market Opportunity Assessment, By Mobility, 2021 & 2031F

12.6 Africa Exoskeleton Market Opportunity Assessment, By Structure, 2021 & 2031F

12.7 Africa Exoskeleton Market Opportunity Assessment, By Vertical, 2021 & 2031F

13 Africa Exoskeleton Market - Competitive Landscape

13.1 Africa Exoskeleton Market Revenue Share, By Companies, 2024

13.2 Africa Exoskeleton Market Competitive Benchmarking, By Operating and Technical Parameters

14 Company Profiles

15 Recommendations

16 Disclaimer

Related Report Available


×
Go to New Report No! I want to read this
Pricing
  • Single User License
    $ 4,560
  • Department License
    $ 5,055
  • Site License
    $ 5,595
  • Global License
    $ 6,000
Buy Now
6Wresearch Support

Any Query

Call: +91-11-4302-4305
Email us: sales@6wresearch.com
Any Query? Click Here

Search

Related Reports

Industry Events and Analyst Meet

RoTIC Symposium 2025 – Middle East Rotating Machinery Technology & Innovation Symposium

RoTIC Symposium 2025 – Middle East Rotating Machinery Technology & Innovation Symposium

2nd CYBER FIRST QATAR EDITION

2nd CYBER FIRST QATAR EDITION

Truck Trailer and Tyre Expo 2025

Truck Trailer and Tyre Expo 2025

Dairy, Food and Bakery Expo 2025

Dairy, Food and Bakery Expo 2025

Dairy and Food Expo 2025

Dairy and Food Expo 2025

Our Clients

Airtel
Canon
Contec
HoneyWell
Kriloskar
Pwc Logo
Samsung
Tata Teleservices

Whitepaper

Read All

6WResearch In News

Read All
About Us

6Wresearch is the premier, one stop market intelligence and advisory center, known for its best in class business research and consulting activity. We provide industry research reports and consulting service across different industries and geographies which provide industry players an in-depth coverage and help them in decision making before investing or enter into a particular geography.

  • twitter logo
  • facebook logo
  • linkedin logo
Company
About Us
Events
Careers
Privacy Policy
Terms & Conditions
Delivery
Disclaimer
Contact Us
Services
ADVISORY & CONSULTING
FEASIBILITY STUDIES & BUSINESS PLAN
COMPETITORS INTELLIGENCE
CHANNEL & DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY
PROCUREMENT INTELLIGENCE
CUSTOMER BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
BUSINESS MODELS & KEY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS ANALYSIS
Verticals
Aerospace and Defense
Chemicals and Materials
Semiconductor and Electronics
Power, Utility and Oil & Gas
Heavy Industry
Telecom, Information & Communication Technology
Healthcare
Automotive
Consumer Staples
Banking, Financial and Legal Services
Metals and Minerals
Media and Entertainment
Miscellaneous
©2025 6Wresearch, All Right Reserved