Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market (2025-2031) Outlook | Size, Industry, Trends, Growth, Companies, Forecast, Share, Value, Revenue, Analysis

Market Forecast by Countries (China, India, Japan, Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Rest of Asia), By Type (Plain Woven Linen, Loosely Woven Linen, Sheeting Linen, Damask Linen), By Application (Apparel, Table and Kitchen Clothes, Towels and Other Bathroom Items, Bedsheet and Other Bedroom Items , Curtains , Blankets and Cushions, Others) And Competitive Landscape
Product Code: ETC186389 Publication Date: May 2021 Updated Date: Jan 2025 Product Type: Market Research Report
Publisher: 6Wresearch No. of Pages: 250 No. of Figures: 50 No. of Tables: 25

Key Highlights of the Report:

  • Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Outlook
  • Market Size of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market, 2024
  • Forecast of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market, 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Trend Evolution
  • Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Drivers and Challenges
  • Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Price Trends
  • Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Porter's Five Forces
  • Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Industry Life Cycle
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Plain Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Loosely Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Sheeting Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Damask Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Plain Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Loosely Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Sheeting Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Damask Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Plain Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Loosely Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Sheeting Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Damask Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Plain Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Loosely Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Sheeting Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Damask Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Plain Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Loosely Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Sheeting Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Damask Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Plain Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Loosely Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Sheeting Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Damask Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Plain Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Loosely Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Sheeting Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Damask Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Plain Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Loosely Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Sheeting Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Damask Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Plain Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Loosely Woven Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Sheeting Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Damask Linen for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Apparel for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Table and Kitchen Clothes for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Towels and Other Bathroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Bedsheet and Other Bedroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Curtains for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Blankets and Cushions for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Apparel for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Table and Kitchen Clothes for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Towels and Other Bathroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Bedsheet and Other Bedroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Curtains for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Blankets and Cushions for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Apparel for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Table and Kitchen Clothes for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Towels and Other Bathroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Bedsheet and Other Bedroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Curtains for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Blankets and Cushions for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Apparel for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Table and Kitchen Clothes for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Towels and Other Bathroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Bedsheet and Other Bedroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Curtains for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Blankets and Cushions for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Apparel for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Table and Kitchen Clothes for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Towels and Other Bathroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Bedsheet and Other Bedroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Curtains for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Blankets and Cushions for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Apparel for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Table and Kitchen Clothes for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Towels and Other Bathroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Bedsheet and Other Bedroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Curtains for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Blankets and Cushions for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Apparel for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Table and Kitchen Clothes for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Towels and Other Bathroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Bedsheet and Other Bedroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Curtains for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Blankets and Cushions for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Apparel for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Table and Kitchen Clothes for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Towels and Other Bathroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Bedsheet and Other Bedroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Curtains for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Blankets and Cushions for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Apparel for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Table and Kitchen Clothes for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Towels and Other Bathroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Bedsheet and Other Bedroom Items for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Curtains for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Blankets and Cushions for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market - Key Performance Indicators
  • Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market - Import Export Trade Statistics
  • Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market - Opportunity Assessment By Countries
  • Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market - Opportunity Assessment By Type
  • Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market - Opportunity Assessment By Application
  • Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market - Top Companies Market Share
  • Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market - Top Companies Profiles
  • Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market - Comparison of Players in Technical and Operating Parameters
  • Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market - Strategic Recommendations

Frequently Asked Questions About the Market Study (FAQs):

How does 6Wresearch market report help businesses in making strategic decisions?
6Wresearch actively monitors the Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market and publishes its comprehensive annual report, highlighting emerging trends, growth drivers, revenue analysis, and forecast outlook. Our insights help businesses to make data-backed strategic decisions with ongoing market dynamics. Our analysts track relevent industries related to the Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market, allowing our clients with actionable intelligence and reliable forecasts tailored to emerging regional needs.
Do you also provide customisation in the market study?
Yes, we provide customisation as per your requirements. To learn more, feel free to contact us on sales@6wresearch.com

1 Executive Summary

2 Introduction

2.1 Key Highlights of the Report

2.2 Report Description

2.3 Market Scope & Segmentation

2.4 Research Methodology

2.5 Assumptions

3 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Overview

3.1 Asia Pacific Regional Macro Economic Indicators

3.2 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 & 2031F

3.3 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market - Industry Life Cycle

3.4 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market - Porter's Five Forces

3.5 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Countries, 2021 & 2031F

3.6 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Type, 2021 & 2031F

3.7 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Application, 2021 & 2031F

4 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Dynamics

4.1 Impact Analysis

4.2 Market Drivers

4.3 Market Restraints

5 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Trends

6 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market, 2021 - 2031

6.1 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2021 - 2031

6.2 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031

7 China Linen Fabric Market, 2021 - 2031

7.1 China Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2021 - 2031

7.2 China Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031

8 India Linen Fabric Market, 2021 - 2031

8.1 India Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2021 - 2031

8.2 India Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031

9 Japan Linen Fabric Market, 2021 - 2031

9.1 Japan Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2021 - 2031

9.2 Japan Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031

10 Australia Linen Fabric Market, 2021 - 2031

10.1 Australia Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2021 - 2031

10.2 Australia Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031

11 Indonesia Linen Fabric Market, 2021 - 2031

11.1 Indonesia Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2021 - 2031

11.2 Indonesia Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031

12 Philippines Linen Fabric Market, 2021 - 2031

12.1 Philippines Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2021 - 2031

12.2 Philippines Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031

13 Malaysia Linen Fabric Market, 2021 - 2031

13.1 Malaysia Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2021 - 2031

13.2 Malaysia Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031

14 Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market, 2021 - 2031

14.1 Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2021 - 2031

14.2 Rest of Asia Linen Fabric Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031

11 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Key Performance Indicators

12 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market - Opportunity Assessment

12.1 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Opportunity Assessment, By Countries, 2021 & 2031F

12.2 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Opportunity Assessment, By Type, 2021 & 2031F

12.3 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Opportunity Assessment, By Application, 2021 & 2031F

13 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market - Competitive Landscape

13.1 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Revenue Share, By Companies, 2021

13.2 Asia Pacific Linen Fabric Market Competitive Benchmarking, By Operating and Technical Parameters

14 Company Profiles

15 Recommendations

16 Disclaimer

Related Report Available


×
Go to New Report No! I want to read this
Pricing
  • Single User License
    $ 4,560
  • Department License
    $ 5,055
  • Site License
    $ 5,595
  • Global License
    $ 6,000
Buy Now
6Wresearch Support

Any Query

Call: +91-11-4302-4305
Email us: sales@6wresearch.com
Any Query? Click Here

Search

Related Reports

Industry Events and Analyst Meet

Industrial Facilities Management Expo 2025

Industrial Facilities Management Expo 2025

4th Edition India Energy Conclave 2025

4th Edition India Energy Conclave 2025

Media Expo 2025

Media Expo 2025

Gas India Expo 2025

Gas India Expo 2025

Consumer Electronics World Expo 2025

Consumer Electronics World Expo 2025

Our Clients

Airtel
Canon
Contec
HoneyWell
Kriloskar
Pwc Logo
Samsung
Tata Teleservices

Whitepaper

Read All

6WResearch In News

Read All
About Us

6Wresearch is the premier, one stop market intelligence and advisory center, known for its best in class business research and consulting activity. We provide industry research reports and consulting service across different industries and geographies which provide industry players an in-depth coverage and help them in decision making before investing or enter into a particular geography.

  • twitter logo
  • facebook logo
  • linkedin logo
Company
About Us
Events
Careers
Privacy Policy
Terms & Conditions
Delivery
Disclaimer
Contact Us
Services
ADVISORY & CONSULTING
FEASIBILITY STUDIES & BUSINESS PLAN
COMPETITORS INTELLIGENCE
CHANNEL & DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY
PROCUREMENT INTELLIGENCE
CUSTOMER BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
BUSINESS MODELS & KEY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS ANALYSIS
Verticals
Aerospace and Defense
Chemicals and Materials
Semiconductor and Electronics
Power, Utility and Oil & Gas
Heavy Industry
Telecom, Information & Communication Technology
Healthcare
Automotive
Consumer Staples
Banking, Financial and Legal Services
Metals and Minerals
Media and Entertainment
Miscellaneous
©2025 6Wresearch, All Right Reserved