| Product Code: ETC13222422 | Publication Date: Apr 2025 | Updated Date: Jul 2025 | Product Type: Market Research Report | |
| Publisher: 6Wresearch | Author: Shubham Deep | No. of Pages: 190 | No. of Figures: 80 | No. of Tables: 40 |
According to 6Wresearch internal database and industry insights, the Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market was valued at USD 7.9 Billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 13.6 Billion by 2031, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 6.80% during the forecast period (2025-2031).
The Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market is experiencing steady growth due to the increasing demand for advanced safety features and connectivity solutions in commercial vehicles. With the rise of electric and autonomous vehicles, the market is witnessing a shift towards more sophisticated wiring harnesses that can accommodate complex electrical systems. Additionally, stringent government regulations regarding vehicle emissions and safety standards are driving the adoption of high-quality wiring harnesses in commercial vehicles. The market is highly competitive, with key players focusing on product innovation and strategic partnerships to gain a competitive edge. Asia Pacific is expected to dominate the market due to the presence of major automotive manufacturers in countries like China and India. Overall, the Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market is poised for significant growth in the coming years.
The Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market is witnessing a growing demand for electric and hybrid commercial vehicles, driving the need for advanced and customized wiring harness solutions. Increasing focus on vehicle safety and connectivity features is also fueling the market growth, with a rising adoption of advanced technologies such as ADAS and telematics. Moreover, the shift towards autonomous vehicles and the integration of smart technologies are creating opportunities for innovative wiring harness solutions that can support the complex electrical systems in these vehicles. The market is also seeing a trend towards lightweight and eco-friendly materials in wiring harnesses to enhance fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Overall, the market is poised for growth with the increasing electrification and technological advancements in the commercial vehicle sector.
The Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market faces several challenges, including increasing complexity in vehicle electrical systems due to technological advancements, stringent regulations related to vehicle safety and emissions, and the growing trend towards electric and hybrid vehicles. The automotive industry`s shift towards autonomous driving capabilities and connectivity features also adds complexity to wiring harness designs. Additionally, the volatility in raw material prices, supply chain disruptions, and the need for lightweight and cost-effective solutions are key challenges faced by manufacturers in the commercial vehicle wiring harness market. Adapting to these challenges by investing in research and development for innovative solutions, enhancing manufacturing processes, and ensuring compliance with evolving regulations will be crucial for companies operating in this market.
The Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market is being driven by several key factors. One of the primary drivers is the increasing demand for advanced safety features and electronic components in commercial vehicles, leading to a higher requirement for complex wiring harness systems. Additionally, the rising production and sales of commercial vehicles worldwide, coupled with stringent government regulations regarding vehicle safety and emissions, are fueling the market growth. The shift towards electric and hybrid commercial vehicles is also driving the demand for specialized wiring harnesses to support the unique requirements of these vehicles. Moreover, technological advancements such as the integration of smart sensors and connectivity solutions in commercial vehicles are further propelling the market expansion as these innovations necessitate sophisticated wiring harnesses for seamless operation.
Government policies related to the Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market primarily focus on ensuring safety, quality, and environmental sustainability in manufacturing processes. Regulations such as RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) directive and REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals) restrict the use of hazardous substances in wiring harness production to protect the environment and human health. Additionally, standards like ISO 9001 and IATF 16949 ensure the quality and reliability of wiring harnesses used in commercial vehicles. Governments also promote the adoption of advanced technologies like electric vehicles through incentives and subsidies to reduce carbon emissions and promote energy efficiency in the transportation sector. Compliance with these regulations is crucial for manufacturers operating in the Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market to ensure market access and sustainability.
The Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market is projected to witness steady growth in the coming years, driven by increasing demand for commercial vehicles across various industries such as logistics, construction, and mining. The market is expected to benefit from technological advancements in wiring harness materials and designs, leading to improved durability, flexibility, and efficiency of commercial vehicles. Additionally, stringent regulations focusing on vehicle safety and emissions control are likely to drive the demand for advanced wiring harness solutions in commercial vehicles. With the growing emphasis on electric and hybrid commercial vehicles, there is also a rising need for specialized wiring harnesses to support the integration of advanced electronic systems. Overall, the Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market is anticipated to expand at a healthy pace as the commercial vehicle industry evolves towards more sophisticated and environmentally friendly solutions.
In the Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Asia is expected to dominate due to the presence of key automotive manufacturing hubs in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. North America is forecasted to witness steady growth driven by the increasing demand for commercial vehicles in the region. Europe is anticipated to show a moderate growth rate, supported by the stringent regulations related to vehicle safety and emissions. The Middle East and Africa region is likely to experience a gradual rise in demand for commercial vehicle wiring harnesses due to infrastructure development projects. Latin America is expected to exhibit a modest growth rate due to the expanding automotive industry in countries like Brazil and Mexico. Overall, the market is projected to see significant opportunities across all regions with technological advancements and the increasing focus on vehicle electrification driving growth.
Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market |
1 Executive Summary |
2 Introduction |
2.1 Key Highlights of the Report |
2.2 Report Description |
2.3 Market Scope & Segmentation |
2.4 Research Methodology |
2.5 Assumptions |
3 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Overview |
3.1 Global Regional Macro Economic Indicators |
3.2 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 & 2031F |
3.3 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market - Industry Life Cycle |
3.4 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market - Porter's Five Forces |
3.5 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Regions, 2021 & 2031F |
3.6 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Buses & Coaches, 2021 & 2031F |
3.7 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Application, 2021 & 2031F |
3.8 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Material Type, 2021 & 2031F |
3.9 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Sales Channel, 2021 & 2031F |
3.10 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Category, 2021 & 2031F |
3.11 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Transmission Type, 2021 & 2031F |
3.12 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Component, 2021 & 2031F |
3.13 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Voltage Type, 2021 & 2031F |
4 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Dynamics |
4.1 Impact Analysis |
4.2 Market Drivers |
4.3 Market Restraints |
5 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Trends |
6 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, 2021 - 2031 |
6.1 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Buses & Coaches, 2021 - 2031 |
6.1.1 Overview & Analysis |
6.1.2 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Off-road Vehicles, 2021 - 2031 |
6.2 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031 |
6.2.1 Overview & Analysis |
6.2.2 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Engine Harness, 2021 - 2031 |
6.2.3 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Chassis Automotive Wiring Harness, 2021 - 2031 |
6.2.4 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Body & Lighting Harness, 2021 - 2031 |
6.2.5 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By HVAC Automotive Wiring Harness, 2021 - 2031 |
6.2.6 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Dashboard/ Cabin Harness, 2021 - 2031 |
6.2.7 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Battery Automotive Wiring Harness, 2021 - 2031 |
6.3 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Material Type, 2021 - 2031 |
6.3.1 Overview & Analysis |
6.3.2 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Metallic, 2021 - 2031 |
6.3.3 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Optical Fiber, 2021 - 2031 |
6.4 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Sales Channel, 2021 - 2031 |
6.4.1 Overview & Analysis |
6.4.2 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By OEM, 2021 - 2031 |
6.4.3 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Aftermarket, 2021 - 2031 |
6.5 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Category, 2021 - 2031 |
6.5.1 Overview & Analysis |
6.5.2 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By General Wires, 2021 - 2031 |
6.5.3 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Heat Resistant Wires, 2021 - 2031 |
6.5.4 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Shielded Wires, 2021 - 2031 |
6.5.5 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Tubed Wires, 2021 - 2031 |
6.6 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Transmission Type, 2021 - 2031 |
6.6.1 Overview & Analysis |
6.6.2 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Data Transmission, 2021 - 2031 |
6.6.3 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Electricity Transmission, 2021 - 2031 |
6.7 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component, 2021 - 2031 |
6.7.1 Overview & Analysis |
6.7.2 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Connectors, 2021 - 2031 |
6.7.3 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Terminals, 2021 - 2031 |
6.7.4 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Clamps, 2021 - 2031 |
6.7.5 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Sheaths, 2021 - 2031 |
6.7.6 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Tape, 2021 - 2031 |
6.7.7 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Others, 2021 - 2031 |
6.8 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Voltage Type, 2021 - 2031 |
6.8.1 Overview & Analysis |
6.8.2 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By High Voltage, 2021 - 2031 |
6.8.3 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Low Voltage, 2021 - 2031 |
7 North America Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Overview & Analysis |
7.1 North America Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
7.2 North America Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031 |
7.2.1 United States (US) Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
7.2.2 Canada Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
7.2.3 Rest of North America Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
7.3 North America Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Buses & Coaches, 2021 - 2031 |
7.4 North America Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031 |
7.5 North America Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Material Type, 2021 - 2031 |
7.6 North America Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Sales Channel, 2021 - 2031 |
7.7 North America Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Category, 2021 - 2031 |
7.8 North America Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Transmission Type, 2021 - 2031 |
7.9 North America Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component, 2021 - 2031 |
7.10 North America Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Voltage Type, 2021 - 2031 |
8 Latin America (LATAM) Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Overview & Analysis |
8.1 Latin America (LATAM) Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
8.2 Latin America (LATAM) Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031 |
8.2.1 Brazil Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
8.2.2 Mexico Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
8.2.3 Argentina Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
8.2.4 Rest of LATAM Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
8.3 Latin America (LATAM) Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Buses & Coaches, 2021 - 2031 |
8.4 Latin America (LATAM) Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031 |
8.5 Latin America (LATAM) Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Material Type, 2021 - 2031 |
8.6 Latin America (LATAM) Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Sales Channel, 2021 - 2031 |
8.7 Latin America (LATAM) Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Category, 2021 - 2031 |
8.8 Latin America (LATAM) Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Transmission Type, 2021 - 2031 |
8.9 Latin America (LATAM) Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component, 2021 - 2031 |
8.10 Latin America (LATAM) Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Voltage Type, 2021 - 2031 |
9 Asia Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Overview & Analysis |
9.1 Asia Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
9.2 Asia Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031 |
9.2.1 India Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
9.2.2 China Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
9.2.3 Japan Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
9.2.4 Rest of Asia Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
9.3 Asia Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Buses & Coaches, 2021 - 2031 |
9.4 Asia Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031 |
9.5 Asia Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Material Type, 2021 - 2031 |
9.6 Asia Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Sales Channel, 2021 - 2031 |
9.7 Asia Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Category, 2021 - 2031 |
9.8 Asia Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Transmission Type, 2021 - 2031 |
9.9 Asia Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component, 2021 - 2031 |
9.10 Asia Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Voltage Type, 2021 - 2031 |
10 Africa Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Overview & Analysis |
10.1 Africa Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
10.2 Africa Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031 |
10.2.1 South Africa Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
10.2.2 Egypt Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
10.2.3 Nigeria Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
10.2.4 Rest of Africa Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
10.3 Africa Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Buses & Coaches, 2021 - 2031 |
10.4 Africa Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031 |
10.5 Africa Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Material Type, 2021 - 2031 |
10.6 Africa Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Sales Channel, 2021 - 2031 |
10.7 Africa Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Category, 2021 - 2031 |
10.8 Africa Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Transmission Type, 2021 - 2031 |
10.9 Africa Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component, 2021 - 2031 |
10.10 Africa Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Voltage Type, 2021 - 2031 |
11 Europe Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Overview & Analysis |
11.1 Europe Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
11.2 Europe Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031 |
11.2.1 United Kingdom Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
11.2.2 Germany Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
11.2.3 France Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
11.2.4 Rest of Europe Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
11.3 Europe Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Buses & Coaches, 2021 - 2031 |
11.4 Europe Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031 |
11.5 Europe Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Material Type, 2021 - 2031 |
11.6 Europe Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Sales Channel, 2021 - 2031 |
11.7 Europe Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Category, 2021 - 2031 |
11.8 Europe Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Transmission Type, 2021 - 2031 |
11.9 Europe Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component, 2021 - 2031 |
11.10 Europe Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Voltage Type, 2021 - 2031 |
12 Middle East Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Overview & Analysis |
12.1 Middle East Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
12.2 Middle East Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031 |
12.2.1 Saudi Arabia Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
12.2.2 UAE Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
12.2.3 Turkey Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 |
12.3 Middle East Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Buses & Coaches, 2021 - 2031 |
12.4 Middle East Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031 |
12.5 Middle East Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Material Type, 2021 - 2031 |
12.6 Middle East Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Sales Channel, 2021 - 2031 |
12.7 Middle East Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Category, 2021 - 2031 |
12.8 Middle East Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Transmission Type, 2021 - 2031 |
12.9 Middle East Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component, 2021 - 2031 |
12.10 Middle East Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market, Revenues & Volume, By Voltage Type, 2021 - 2031 |
13 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Key Performance Indicators |
14 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market - Export/Import By Countries Assessment |
15 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market - Opportunity Assessment |
15.1 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Opportunity Assessment, By Countries, 2021 & 2031F |
15.2 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Opportunity Assessment, By Buses & Coaches, 2021 & 2031F |
15.3 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Opportunity Assessment, By Application, 2021 & 2031F |
15.4 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Opportunity Assessment, By Material Type, 2021 & 2031F |
15.5 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Opportunity Assessment, By Sales Channel, 2021 & 2031F |
15.6 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Opportunity Assessment, By Category, 2021 & 2031F |
15.7 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Opportunity Assessment, By Transmission Type, 2021 & 2031F |
15.8 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Opportunity Assessment, By Component, 2021 & 2031F |
15.9 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Opportunity Assessment, By Voltage Type, 2021 & 2031F |
16 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market - Competitive Landscape |
16.1 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Revenue Share, By Companies, 2024 |
16.2 Global Commercial Vehicle Wiring Harness Market Competitive Benchmarking, By Operating and Technical Parameters |
17 Top 10 Company Profiles |
18 Recommendations |
19 Disclaimer |