Global Defibrillators Market Highlights
| Market Size (2025) | USD 1.8 Billion |
| Forecast Size (2032) | USD 3.6 Billion |
| CAGR | 6.70% |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2032 |
| Largest Region | North America |
| Fastest Growing Region | Asia-Pacific |
| Largest Segment | Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) |
| Fastest Growing Segment | External Defibrillators |
| Leading Companies | Philips, Medtronic, Abbott Laboratories, Boston Scientific, ZOLL Medical |
Global Defibrillators Market Size & Growth Rate (2026-2032)
The Global Defibrillators Market was estimated at USD 1.8 Billion in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 3.6 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 6.70% from 2026 to 2032.
Global Defibrillators Market Synopsis
The Global Defibrillators Market is undergoing notable transitions, particularly shaped by the increasing incidence of cardiovascular conditions. The emphasis on early intervention and public access to defibrillators is reshaping healthcare environments, thereby influencing market dynamics significantly. This shift not only highlights the pivotal role defibrillators play in medical emergencies but also underscores their escalating dependency within healthcare systems.
Technological advancements in defibrillator design are further propelling market adoption. With the advent of wearable defibrillators and automated external devices featuring real-time analytics, both patients and healthcare professionals are positioned to respond rapidly during cardiac events. This integration of technology ensures that defibrillators are not just medical devices but critical tools in saving lives across various settings.
Global Defibrillators Market Year-wise Growth Rate and Key Drivers
This graph illustrates the annual growth rates of the Global Defibrillators Market from 2022 to 2032, highlighting a steady upward trajectory and projected expansion over the forecast period.
The table below presents the year‑wise growth rates along with the key drivers influencing the market
| Year | Growth Rate (%) | Major Drivers |
| 2022 | 11.05 | Hospital infrastructure upgrades align with new regulatory standards for defibrillators. |
| 2023 | 13.32 | Healthcare providers seek defibrillators to improve survival rates among cardiac patients. |
| 2024 | 9.79 | While patients increasingly prefer defibrillators that enhance personal safety at home, manufacturers adjust production. |
| 2025 | 10.69 | A shift toward specialized training in defibrillator use enhances staff preparedness in hospitals. |
| 2026 | 11.18 | Defibrillators gain traction as investments in biosensor technology drive enhanced patient monitoring capabilities. |
| 2027 | 10.46 | Ongoing supply chain resilience enables consistent availability of defibrillators across healthcare settings. |
| 2028 | 9.19 | In North America, competition among defibrillator manufacturers intensifies, promoting technological advancements. |
| 2029 | 10.66 | Market consolidation leads to increased regional availability of advanced defibrillators across developing nations. |
| 2030 | 9.29 | Implementation of sustainable manufacturing processes for defibrillators is prioritized by leading producers. |
| 2031 | 14.48 | Rising costs of raw materials lead to innovative approaches in defibrillator manufacturing methods. |
| 2032 | 7.73 | Manufacturers adapt defibrillators to integrate with telehealth platforms for better patient outcomes. |
Note - Market size estimations and growth projections presented in this report are based on 6Wresearch's proprietary research methodology, combining internal industry data, secondary research, and primary validation, updated periodically to reflect current market conditions. As markets evolve rapidly, figures for certain industries may vary slightly and are intended as informed estimates rather than absolute figures. For the most current market sizing, we recommend validating figures with a 6Wresearch analyst.
Global Defibrillators Market Key Takeaways
Below are some of the specific key takeaways from the market, including:
- North America accounts for approximately 48% share in 2025, bolstered by robust healthcare infrastructure and reimbursement frameworks.
- The demand for external defibrillators is projected to grow at a CAGR of 8.5% from 2026 to 2032, driven by increased public health initiatives.
- Medtronic launched a novel external defibrillator model in 2024, reflecting the industry's focus on product innovation.
- Wearable defibrillators will see heightened interest, especially in urban settings, catering to the urban aging population.
- Growing emphasis on training and certification programs to enhance public readiness for cardiac emergencies is promoting device usage.
Evaluation of Restraints in Global Defibrillators Market
The Global Defibrillators Market faces several challenges, primarily stemming from high costs associated with advanced devices. For instance, the price of high-quality external defibrillators can exceed USD 2,000, which limits accessibility in lower-income regions. Furthermore, regulatory bottlenecks can delay product approvals, hindering timely market entry. For example, obtaining FDA clearance can take over 12 months, extending the time before innovative devices reach healthcare providers and patients. Consequently, these factors create barriers that inhibit the growth potential of the market.
Global Defibrillators Market Trends
A discernible trend within the Global Defibrillators Market is the shift towards integration of digital technologies in defibrillator devices. Companies like Philips are enhancing automated external defibrillators (AEDs) with connectivity features, enabling real-time data monitoring and performance analytics. For example, Philips introduced an AED with cloud connectivity in 2023, facilitating data collection for better maintenance and deployment strategies. Additionally, the push for public access defibrillation programs is gaining traction, leading to increased installations in airports and public transportation. The emphasis on citizen training programs in using these devices has expanded their presence in communities, thus heightening responsiveness to cardiac emergencies.
Global Defibrillators Market Opportunities
Emerging markets represent substantial revenue opportunities in the Global Defibrillators Market, primarily due to increasing investments in healthcare infrastructure. For instance, countries in Latin America and Asia are enhancing their healthcare frameworks, anticipating a surge in demand for defibrillators. Moreover, products tailored for home care, such as personal AEDs, are gaining traction. ZOLL Medical recently initiated a project targeting home installations, projecting a demand growth of 14% specifically for home-use devices from 2026 to 2032. This segment reflects both market responsiveness and the evolving consumer awareness of the importance of immediate intervention in cardiac events.
Global Defibrillators Market by Type
Within the Global Defibrillators Market, Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) held the largest segment share, accounting for approximately 55% as of 2025. This dominance stems from their essential role in the management of chronic heart conditions and the increasing patient population requiring long-term monitoring. Meanwhile, External Defibrillators are expected to become the fastest-growing segment, with a projected CAGR of 8.5% from 2026 to 2032, driven by rising public health initiatives and community training programs on AED usage.
Global Defibrillators Market by End User
Hospitals will continue to dominate the Global Defibrillators Market, commanding a share of approximately 60% in 2025. This leadership is attributed to the consistent need for defibrillators in critical care and emergency services. Conversely, the Home Care segment is projected to experience robust growth, with a CAGR of 9.3% from 2026 to 2032, fueled by increasing awareness and accessibility of personal AEDs for immediate risk management.
Global Defibrillators Market by Technology
Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) lead the technology segment in the Global Defibrillators Market, boasting a share of approximately 50% in 2025. Their ease of use and integration into public locations have made them essential tools for cardiac emergencies. Manual defibrillators, on the other hand, are expected to show promising growth with a projected CAGR of 7.8% from 2026 to 2032, largely due to their continued relevance in acute care settings and specialized applications.
Global Defibrillators Market by Power Source
Battery-powered defibrillators dominate the Global Defibrillators Market, accounting for an estimated 70% share in 2025. Their portability and reliability make them an attractive option for both clinical and emergency uses. Conversely, electric-powered devices are anticipated to be the fastest-growing segment, with a CAGR of 8.2% from 2026 to 2032, mainly driven by their increasing applications in advanced life support and mobile healthcare setups.
Global Defibrillators Market by Region
North America is projected to hold the largest share of the Global Defibrillators Market, capturing approximately 48% in 2025. This market leadership is supported by a well-established healthcare infrastructure and comprehensive insurance coverage for medical devices. Meanwhile, the Asia-Pacific region is anticipated to exhibit the fastest growth, with a CAGR of 9.1% from 2026 to 2032, driven by heightened investments in healthcare improvements and rising disposable incomes enhancing access to advanced medical technologies.
Government Initiatives in the Global Defibrillators Market
The regulatory and policy environment surrounding the Global Defibrillators Market is increasingly focused on improving access and the implementation of defibrillation programs. Various government initiatives are aimed at enhancing awareness and availability in public spaces, which directly impacts market growth and accessibility.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "National Public Access Defibrillation Program," launched in 2020 — This initiative aims to support the installation of AEDs in public areas, enhancing survival rates following sudden cardiac arrest.
- European Commission, "EU Health Program 2021-2027," initiated in 2021 — This program allocates funding to member states for developing healthcare infrastructures, including the placement of defibrillators in schools and community centers.
- Ministry of Health, Government of India, "Defibrillation and Emergency Response Initiative," proposed for 2024 — Aiming to increase the number of AEDs in urban areas, this initiative seeks to bolster emergency responsiveness across major cities.
- Canadian Heart and Stroke Foundation, "HeartSafe Community Grant," established in 2019 — This ongoing initiative provides funding to municipalities for purchasing and maintaining defibrillators, improving public access to life-saving devices.
Future Insights of the Global Defibrillators Market
The Global Defibrillators Market is expected to undergo transformative changes, especially with ongoing investments in telemedicine and remote monitoring technologies. Companies like Philips are pioneering initiatives that integrate defibrillators with cloud platforms, enhancing data accessibility for healthcare providers. This innovation supports better patient management and real-time response strategies. The shift towards home healthcare, exemplified by projects aimed at personal AED distribution, is further expected to increase market penetration and adapt to changing consumer demands, projecting a need for scalable solutions through 2032.
Global Defibrillators Market Latest Developments
The following recent developments illustrate the dynamic changes in the Global Defibrillators Market, showcasing companies’ efforts to enhance their technology and market reach:
- ZOLL Medical is currently rolling out a new line of compact AEDs designed specifically for urban environments, projected for completion by mid-2024.
- Abbott Laboratories announced an ongoing collaboration with emergency services to enhance public training programs for AED usage, targeting increased participation in 2026.
- Recently, Boston Scientific unveiled its next-generation implantable cardioverter defibrillator, focusing on improved battery life and smaller form factors, with a launch planned for late 2025.
- Medtronic is set to expand its manufacturing capacity in Asia-Pacific by 2026, aiming to meet rising regional demand and strengthen supply chains.
Global Defibrillators Market Key Players and Industry Positioning
The Global Defibrillators Market features a moderately consolidated structure, marked by a few key players that dominate through technological advancements and strategic partnerships. Competitive positioning is largely influenced by product innovation, distribution networks, and healthcare provider collaborations.
| Leading Company | Core Strength | Strategic Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Philips | Innovative cloud-connected AEDs | Expand public access defibrillation |
| Medtronic | Wide-ranging product portfolio | Strengthen supply chains in Asia-Pacific |
| Abbott Laboratories | Strong emphasis on patient outcomes | Enhance training for emergency responders |
| Boston Scientific | Advanced ICD technology | Focus on battery life improvements |
| ZOLL Medical | Compact and portable design innovations | Target urban emergency applications |
As key players continue to innovate and refocus their strategies, the competition within the Global Defibrillators Market is expected to intensify, leading to more enhanced products and broader accessibility in emergency care.
Key Attractiveness of the Report
- 10 Years of Market Numbers
- Historical Data Starting from 2022 to 2025
- Base Year: 2025
- Forecast Data until 2032
- Key Performance Indicators Impacting the Market
- Major Upcoming Developments and Projects
Key Highlights of the Report:
- Global Defibrillators Market Outlook
- Market Size of Global Defibrillators Market, 2025
- Forecast of Global Defibrillators Market, 2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Defibrillators Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Global Defibrillators Market Trend Evolution
- Global Defibrillators Market Drivers and Challenges
- Global Defibrillators Price Trends
- Global Defibrillators Porter's Five Forces
- Global Defibrillators Industry Life Cycle
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Implantable for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By External for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Hospitals for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Home Care for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Technology for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By AED for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Manual for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Power Source for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Battery for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Electric for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Implantable for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By External for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Hospitals for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Home Care for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Technology for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By AED for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Manual for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Power Source for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Battery for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Electric for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of United States of America Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Canada Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of North America Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Implantable for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By External for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Hospitals for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Home Care for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Technology for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By AED for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Manual for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Power Source for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Battery for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Electric for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Brazil Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Mexico Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Argentina Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of LATAM Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Implantable for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By External for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Hospitals for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Home Care for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Technology for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By AED for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Manual for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Power Source for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Battery for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Electric for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of China Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of India Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Implantable for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By External for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Hospitals for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Home Care for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Technology for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By AED for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Manual for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Power Source for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Battery for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Electric for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Implantable for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By External for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Hospitals for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Home Care for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Technology for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By AED for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Manual for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Power Source for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Battery for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Electric for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of United Kingdom Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of France Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Germany Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Europe Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Implantable for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By External for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Hospitals for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Home Care for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Technology for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By AED for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Manual for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Power Source for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Battery for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume By Electric for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of UAE Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East Defibrillators Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2022-2032
- Global Defibrillators Market - Key Performance Indicators
- Global Defibrillators Market - Import Export Trade Statistics
- Global Defibrillators Market - Opportunity Assessment By Countries
- Global Defibrillators Market - Opportunity Assessment By Type
- Global Defibrillators Market - Opportunity Assessment By End User
- Global Defibrillators Market - Opportunity Assessment By Technology
- Global Defibrillators Market - Opportunity Assessment By Power Source
- Global Defibrillators Market - Top Companies Market Share
- Global Defibrillators Market - Top Companies Profiles
- Global Defibrillators Market - Comparison of Players in Technical and Operating Parameters
- Global Defibrillators Market - Strategic Recommendations
Markets Covered
The Global Defibrillators Market report provides a detailed analysis of the following market segments:
By Regions and Countries:
- North America
- Europe
- LATAM
- Middle East
- Asia
- Africa
By Type:
- Implantable
- External
By End User:
- Hospitals
- Home Care
By Technology:
- AED
- Manual
By Power Source:
- Battery
- Electric
