Global Floor Covering Market (2025-2031) | Investment Trends, Challenges, Demand, Supply, Pricing Analysis, Analysis, Competition, Consumer Insights, Industry, Strategic Insights, Competitive, Strategy, Size, Share, Segments, Companies, Trends, Forecast, Growth, Drivers, Outlook, Segmentation, Restraints, Revenue, Value, Opportunities

Global Floor Covering Market Size & Growth Rate

Global Floor Covering Market Overview

The Global Floor Covering Market is a dynamic industry driven by factors such as increasing urbanization, renovation and remodeling activities, and growing demand for aesthetically pleasing interiors. The market encompasses a wide range of products including carpets, tiles, wood, laminate, and vinyl flooring, catering to residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. North America and Europe represent significant market shares, but the Asia-Pacific region is experiencing rapid growth due to rising construction activities. Sustainable flooring materials and innovative product designs are gaining traction among consumers, influencing market trends. Key players in the industry are focusing on product development, strategic partnerships, and expansion into emerging markets to maintain a competitive edge in this evolving market landscape.

Global Floor Covering Market Trends and Opportunities

The Global Floor Covering Market is experiencing a shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly materials such as bamboo, cork, and recycled materials due to increasing environmental awareness among consumers. Luxury vinyl tile (LVT) and wood flooring are also gaining popularity for their durability and aesthetic appeal. The rise of smart technologies in flooring, such as heated floors and flooring embedded with sensors for monitoring, offers innovative opportunities for market growth. Additionally, the growing construction and renovation activities in emerging economies present significant opportunities for market expansion. E-commerce platforms are playing a key role in reaching a wider audience and providing convenient purchasing options. Overall, the market is poised for steady growth driven by evolving consumer preferences and technological advancements.

Global Floor Covering Market Challenges

The Global Floor Covering Market faces challenges such as intense competition from alternative flooring materials, fluctuating raw material prices, and shifting consumer preferences towards sustainable and environmentally friendly options. Additionally, economic uncertainties and trade tensions can impact the market`s growth. Companies operating in this market also need to adapt to rapidly changing design trends and technological advancements to stay competitive. Meeting stringent regulations related to product safety and quality standards, especially in different regions, adds complexity to market operations. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted supply chains and consumer behaviors, leading to uncertainties in the market`s recovery and growth trajectory. Overall, navigating these challenges requires industry players to innovate, invest in research and development, and establish strong partnerships to sustain growth in the Global Floor Covering Market.

Global Floor Covering Market Drivers

The Global Floor Covering Market is driven by several factors, including the growing construction industry worldwide, increasing investments in residential and commercial infrastructure, and the rising demand for aesthetically pleasing interiors. Additionally, the trend towards sustainable and eco-friendly flooring materials is gaining traction, leading to a surge in the adoption of products such as bamboo, cork, and recycled materials. The market is also influenced by changing consumer preferences for easy-to-maintain, durable, and cost-effective flooring solutions. Technological advancements in manufacturing processes and the availability of innovative products like luxury vinyl tiles and engineered wood flooring are further propelling market growth. Overall, the market is expected to continue expanding due to urbanization, renovation activities, and a focus on enhancing living and working spaces globally.

Global Floor Covering Market Government Policy

Government policies related to the Global Floor Covering Market vary by country but generally focus on regulations regarding environmental sustainability, consumer safety, and labor practices. Many governments have implemented regulations to ensure that floor covering materials are produced and disposed of in an environmentally responsible manner, such as restrictions on the use of harmful chemicals and requirements for recycling programs. Additionally, consumer safety regulations often dictate standards for flammability, slip resistance, and emissions levels of floor coverings. Labor practices are also a key focus, with some governments enforcing regulations to ensure fair wages and safe working conditions for employees in the floor covering industry. Overall, government policies play a significant role in shaping the global floor covering market by promoting sustainability, safety, and ethical practices.

Global Floor Covering Market Future Outlook

The Global Floor Covering Market is expected to witness steady growth in the coming years, driven by factors such as increasing construction activities, rising demand for innovative flooring solutions, and growing urbanization. Technological advancements in flooring materials and designs are also anticipated to drive market growth, with more focus on sustainability and eco-friendly products. Additionally, the growing trend of home renovation and remodeling projects, coupled with the rising disposable income of consumers, will further contribute to the market`s expansion. Despite challenges such as fluctuating raw material prices and economic uncertainties, the market is projected to experience a positive trajectory, especially in regions like Asia Pacific and North America. Companies in the floor covering industry are likely to invest in research and development to introduce new products and cater to evolving consumer preferences.

Global Floor Covering Market Regional Insights

The global floor covering market is experiencing varying trends across different regions. In Asia, particularly in countries like China and India, rapid urbanization and increasing disposable income levels are driving the demand for floor coverings, with a preference for luxury and aesthetically pleasing options. North America is witnessing a shift towards eco-friendly and sustainable flooring materials due to growing environmental awareness among consumers. In Europe, the emphasis is on innovative designs and technology integration in floor coverings, catering to the demand for both residential and commercial spaces. The Middle East and Africa region is seeing a surge in construction activities, boosting the market for durable and easy-to-maintain flooring solutions. Latin America is focusing on affordable and durable floor coverings, with a preference for vinyl and ceramic tiles due to their cost-effectiveness and versatility.

Key Highlights of the Report:

• Global Floor Covering Market Outlook
• Market Size of Global Floor Covering Market, 2024
• Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market, 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Global Floor Covering Market Trend Evolution
• Global Floor Covering Market Drivers and Challenges
• Global Floor Covering Price Trends
• Global Floor Covering Porter's Five Forces
• Global Floor Covering Industry Life Cycle
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Product for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Carpet and Area Rugs for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Wood Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Ceramic Tiles Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Laminate Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Vinyl Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Stone Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Other Products for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Distribution Channel for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Home Centers for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Flagship Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Specialty Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Online Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Other for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Residential Replacement for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Global Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Builder for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Product for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Carpet and Area Rugs for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Wood Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Ceramic Tiles Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Laminate Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Vinyl Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Stone Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Other Products for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Distribution Channel for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Home Centers for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Flagship Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Specialty Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Online Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Other for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Residential Replacement for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Builder for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of United States of America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Canada Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of North America Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Product for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Carpet and Area Rugs for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Wood Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Ceramic Tiles Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Laminate Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Vinyl Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Stone Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Other Products for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Distribution Channel for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Home Centers for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Flagship Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Specialty Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Online Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Other for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Residential Replacement for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America (LATAM) Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Builder for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Brazil Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Mexico Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Argentina Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of LATAM Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Product for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Carpet and Area Rugs for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Wood Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Ceramic Tiles Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Laminate Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Vinyl Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Stone Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Other Products for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Distribution Channel for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Home Centers for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Flagship Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Specialty Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Online Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Other for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Residential Replacement for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Builder for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of China Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of India Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Product for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Carpet and Area Rugs for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Wood Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Ceramic Tiles Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Laminate Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Vinyl Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Stone Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Other Products for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Distribution Channel for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Home Centers for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Flagship Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Specialty Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Online Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Other for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Residential Replacement for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Builder for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Product for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Carpet and Area Rugs for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Wood Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Ceramic Tiles Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Laminate Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Vinyl Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Stone Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Other Products for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Distribution Channel for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Home Centers for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Flagship Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Specialty Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Online Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Other for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Residential Replacement for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Builder for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of United Kingdom Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of France Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Germany Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Europe Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Product for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Carpet and Area Rugs for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Wood Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Ceramic Tiles Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Laminate Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Vinyl Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Stone Flooring for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Other Products for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Distribution Channel for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Home Centers for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Flagship Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Specialty Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Online Stores for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Other for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By End User for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Residential Replacement for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume By Builder for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of UAE Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East Floor Covering Market Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
• Global Floor Covering Market - Key Performance Indicators
• Global Floor Covering Market - Import Export Trade Statistics
• Global Floor Covering Market - Opportunity Assessment By Countries
• Global Floor Covering Market - Opportunity Assessment By Product
• Global Floor Covering Market - Opportunity Assessment By Distribution Channel
• Global Floor Covering Market - Opportunity Assessment By End User
• Global Floor Covering Market - Top Companies Market Share
• Global Floor Covering Market - Top Companies Profiles
• Global Floor Covering Market - Comparison of Players in Technical and Operating Parameters
• Global Floor Covering Market - Strategic Recommendations