Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market (2025-2031) | Challenges, Supply, Trends, Revenue, Forecast, Pricing Analysis, Growth, Drivers, Demand, Companies, Segmentation, Analysis, Value, Strategy, Competitive, Opportunities, Industry, Consumer Insights, Competition, Outlook, Size, Segments, Share, Strategic Insights, Restraints, Investment Trends

Market Forecast by Countries (South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, and Rest of Africa), By Component (Solutions, Services), By Protection Type (Data Leak Protection, Email Encryption, Multi-Layered Malware Protection, Social Engineering Protection, Zero Day Prevention, Others), By End Use Industry (Financial Services, Insurance, Defense, Healthcare, Government & Public Sector, Retail and Consumer Goods, Telecommunication, Others) And Competitive Landscape
Product Code: ETC13188707 Publication Date: Apr 2025 Product Type: Market Research Report
Publisher: 6Wresearch No. of Pages: 150 No. of Figures: 55 No. of Tables: 32

Key Highlights of the Report:

  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Outlook
  • Market Size of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, 2024
  • Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Trend Evolution
  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Drivers and Challenges
  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Price Trends
  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Porter's Five Forces
  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Industry Life Cycle
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Component for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Solutions for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Services for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Component for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Solutions for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Services for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Component for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Solutions for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Services for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Component for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Solutions for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Services for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Component for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Solutions for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Services for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Protection Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Data Leak Protection for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Email Encryption for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Multi-Layered Malware Protection for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Social Engineering Protection for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Zero Day Prevention for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Protection Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Data Leak Protection for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Email Encryption for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Multi-Layered Malware Protection for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Social Engineering Protection for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Zero Day Prevention for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Protection Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Data Leak Protection for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Email Encryption for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Multi-Layered Malware Protection for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Social Engineering Protection for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Zero Day Prevention for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Protection Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Data Leak Protection for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Email Encryption for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Multi-Layered Malware Protection for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Social Engineering Protection for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Zero Day Prevention for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Protection Type for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Data Leak Protection for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Email Encryption for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Multi-Layered Malware Protection for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Social Engineering Protection for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Zero Day Prevention for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By End Use Industry for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Financial Services for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Insurance for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Defense for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Healthcare for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Government & Public Sector for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Retail and Consumer Goods for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Telecommunication for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Financial Services Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By End Use Industry for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Financial Services for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Insurance for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Defense for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Healthcare for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Government & Public Sector for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Retail and Consumer Goods for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Telecommunication for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of South Africa Financial Services Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By End Use Industry for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Financial Services for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Insurance for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Defense for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Healthcare for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Government & Public Sector for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Retail and Consumer Goods for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Telecommunication for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Egypt Financial Services Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By End Use Industry for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Financial Services for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Insurance for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Defense for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Healthcare for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Government & Public Sector for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Retail and Consumer Goods for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Telecommunication for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Nigeria Financial Services Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By End Use Industry for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Financial Services for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Insurance for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Defense for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Healthcare for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Government & Public Sector for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Retail and Consumer Goods for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Telecommunication for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Africa Financial Services Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market - Key Performance Indicators
  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market - Import Export Trade Statistics
  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market - Opportunity Assessment By Countries
  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market - Opportunity Assessment By Component
  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market - Opportunity Assessment By Protection Type
  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market - Opportunity Assessment By End Use Industry
  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market - Top Companies Market Share
  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market - Top Companies Profiles
  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market - Comparison of Players in Technical and Operating Parameters
  • Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market - Strategic Recommendations

Frequently Asked Questions About the Market Study (FAQs):

How does 6Wresearch market report help businesses in making strategic decisions?
6Wresearch actively monitors the Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market and publishes its comprehensive annual report, highlighting emerging trends, growth drivers, revenue analysis, and forecast outlook. Our insights help businesses to make data-backed strategic decisions with ongoing market dynamics. Our analysts track relevent industries related to the Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, allowing our clients with actionable intelligence and reliable forecasts tailored to emerging regional needs.
Do you also provide customisation in the market study?
Yes, we provide customisation as per your requirements. To learn more, feel free to contact us on sales@6wresearch.com

Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market

1 Executive Summary

2 Introduction

2.1 Key Highlights of the Report

2.2 Report Description

2.3 Market Scope & Segmentation

2.4 Research Methodology

2.5 Assumptions

3 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Overview

3.1 Africa Regional Macro Economic Indicators

3.2 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 & 2031F

3.3 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market - Industry Life Cycle

3.4 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market - Porter's Five Forces

3.5 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Countries, 2021 & 2031F

3.6 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Component, 2021 & 2031F

3.7 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Protection Type, 2021 & 2031F

3.8 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume Share, By End Use Industry, 2021 & 2031F

4 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Dynamics

4.1 Impact Analysis

4.2 Market Drivers

4.3 Market Restraints

5 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Trends

6 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, 2021 - 2031

6.1 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component, 2021 - 2031

6.1.1 Overview & Analysis

6.1.2 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Solutions, 2021 - 2031

6.1.3 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Services, 2021 - 2031

6.2 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Protection Type, 2021 - 2031

6.2.1 Overview & Analysis

6.2.2 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Data Leak Protection, 2021 - 2031

6.2.3 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Email Encryption, 2021 - 2031

6.2.4 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Multi-Layered Malware Protection, 2021 - 2031

6.2.5 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Social Engineering Protection, 2021 - 2031

6.2.6 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Zero Day Prevention, 2021 - 2031

6.2.7 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Others, 2021 - 2031

6.3 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By End Use Industry, 2021 - 2031

6.3.1 Overview & Analysis

6.3.2 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Financial Services, 2021 - 2031

6.3.3 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Insurance, 2021 - 2031

6.3.4 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Defense, 2021 - 2031

6.3.5 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Healthcare, 2021 - 2031

6.3.6 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Government & Public Sector, 2021 - 2031

6.3.7 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Retail and Consumer Goods, 2021 - 2031

6.3.8 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Telecommunication, 2021 - 2031

6.3.9 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Others, 2021 - 2031

7 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, By Countries, 2021 - 2031

7.1 Overview & Analysis

7.2 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component, 2021 - 2031

7.2.1 South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component, 2021 - 2031

7.2.2 Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component, 2021 - 2031

7.2.3 Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component, 2021 - 2031

7.2.4 Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Component, 2021 - 2031

7.3 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Protection Type, 2021 & 2031F

7.3.1 South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Protection Type, 2021 - 2031

7.3.2 Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Protection Type, 2021 - 2031

7.3.3 Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Protection Type, 2021 - 2031

7.3.4 Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By Protection Type, 2021 - 2031

7.4 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By End Use Industry, 2021 - 2031

7.4.1 South Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By End Use Industry, 2021 - 2031

7.4.2 Egypt Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By End Use Industry, 2021 - 2031

7.4.3 Nigeria Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By End Use Industry, 2021 - 2031

7.4.4 Rest of Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market, Revenues & Volume, By End Use Industry, 2021 - 2031

8 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Key Performance Indicators

9 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market - Export/Import By Countries Assessment

10 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market - Opportunity Assessment

10.1 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Opportunity Assessment, By Countries, 2021 & 2031F

10.2 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Opportunity Assessment, By Component, 2021 & 2031F

10.3 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Opportunity Assessment, By Protection Type, 2021 & 2031F

10.4 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Opportunity Assessment, By End Use Industry, 2021 & 2031F

11 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market - Competitive Landscape

11.1 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Revenue Share, By Companies, 2022

11.2 Africa Spear Phishing Protection Market Competitive Benchmarking, By Operating and Technical Parameters

12 Top 10 Company Profiles

13 Recommendations

14 Disclaimer

Related Report Available


×
Go to New Report No! I want to read this
Pricing
  • Single User License
    $ 4,560
  • Department License
    $ 5,055
  • Site License
    $ 5,595
  • Global License
    $ 6,000
Buy Now
6Wresearch Support

Any Query

Call: +91-11-4302-4305
Email us: sales@6wresearch.com
Any Query? Click Here

Search

Related Reports

Industry Events and Analyst Meet

Industrial Facilities Management Expo 2025

Industrial Facilities Management Expo 2025

4th Edition India Energy Conclave 2025

4th Edition India Energy Conclave 2025

Media Expo 2025

Media Expo 2025

Gas India Expo 2025

Gas India Expo 2025

Consumer Electronics World Expo 2025

Consumer Electronics World Expo 2025

Our Clients

Airtel
Canon
Contec
HoneyWell
Kriloskar
Pwc Logo
Samsung
Tata Teleservices

Whitepaper

Read All

6WResearch In News

Read All
About Us

6Wresearch is the premier, one stop market intelligence and advisory center, known for its best in class business research and consulting activity. We provide industry research reports and consulting service across different industries and geographies which provide industry players an in-depth coverage and help them in decision making before investing or enter into a particular geography.

  • twitter logo
  • facebook logo
  • linkedin logo
Company
About Us
Events
Careers
Privacy Policy
Terms & Conditions
Delivery
Disclaimer
Contact Us
Services
ADVISORY & CONSULTING
FEASIBILITY STUDIES & BUSINESS PLAN
COMPETITORS INTELLIGENCE
CHANNEL & DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY
PROCUREMENT INTELLIGENCE
CUSTOMER BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
BUSINESS MODELS & KEY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS ANALYSIS
Verticals
Aerospace and Defense
Chemicals and Materials
Semiconductor and Electronics
Power, Utility and Oil & Gas
Heavy Industry
Telecom, Information & Communication Technology
Healthcare
Automotive
Consumer Staples
Banking, Financial and Legal Services
Metals and Minerals
Media and Entertainment
Miscellaneous
©2025 6Wresearch, All Right Reserved