| Product Code: ETC13245130 | Publication Date: Apr 2025 | Updated Date: Jul 2025 | Product Type: Market Research Report | |
| Publisher: 6Wresearch | Author: Shubham Padhi | No. of Pages: 190 | No. of Figures: 80 | No. of Tables: 40 | 
According to 6Wresearch internal database and industry insights, the Global Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery Market was valued at USD 3.4 Billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 9.6 Billion by 2031, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 5.69% during the forecast period (2025-2031).
The Global Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery Market is experiencing significant growth driven by the increasing demand for efficient drug development processes. AI technologies, such as machine learning and deep learning, are being utilized to analyze large datasets, predict drug-target interactions, and accelerate the discovery of new drugs. Key factors contributing to market expansion include the rising prevalence of chronic diseases, the need for personalized medicine, and the cost and time-saving benefits offered by AI in drug discovery. Market players are investing in research and development activities to enhance AI algorithms and platforms for drug discovery applications. The market is characterized by collaborations between pharmaceutical companies and AI technology providers to leverage each other`s expertise. North America currently leads the market due to a strong presence of AI technology companies and pharmaceutical research institutions.
The Global Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery Market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing demand for novel and effective drugs, coupled with the rising adoption of AI technology in pharmaceutical research. Key trends include the use of machine learning algorithms to analyze vast amounts of biological data for drug target identification, virtual screening, and predictive modeling of drug interactions. Opportunities in the market are abundant, with AI-driven drug discovery enabling faster and more cost-effective drug development processes, personalized medicine, and the repurposing of existing drugs. Advancements in AI technologies such as deep learning and natural language processing further enhance the capabilities of drug discovery platforms, driving innovation and efficiency in the pharmaceutical industry. Companies investing in AI solutions for drug discovery stand to benefit from improved success rates in drug development and a competitive edge in the market.
The Global Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery Market faces several challenges, including the complexity and high cost of implementing AI technologies, the need for large and high-quality datasets for training AI models, regulatory hurdles related to the approval of AI-driven drug discovery processes, and the integration of AI tools with existing drug development workflows. Additionally, there are concerns around the interpretability and trustworthiness of AI algorithms in making critical decisions in drug discovery. Ensuring data privacy and security, as well as addressing ethical considerations related to AI applications in healthcare, are also significant challenges that the industry must navigate to realize the full potential of AI in drug discovery.
The Global Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery Market is primarily driven by the increasing demand for innovative solutions to accelerate the drug discovery process and reduce costs associated with traditional methods. AI technologies offer the pharmaceutical industry opportunities to improve efficiency, accuracy, and productivity in drug development by analyzing vast amounts of data to identify potential drug candidates, predict outcomes, and optimize clinical trials. Additionally, the rising prevalence of chronic diseases, coupled with the need for personalized medicine, is fueling the adoption of AI in drug discovery to develop targeted therapies and precision medicine. Furthermore, collaborations between pharmaceutical companies and AI technology providers, advancements in machine learning algorithms, and the availability of big data are also key factors driving the market growth.
Government policies related to the Global Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery Market vary by country, but common themes include increased funding for research and development in AI technologies, support for collaborations between academia, industry, and government agencies, and regulatory frameworks to ensure the safe and ethical use of AI in drug discovery. In the United States, initiatives such as the National Institutes of Health`s AI in Biomedicine program and the Food and Drug Administration`s Digital Health Innovation Action Plan aim to accelerate the integration of AI in drug development. Similarly, the European Union has launched programs like the Innovative Medicines Initiative to foster AI-driven innovations in healthcare. Overall, governments worldwide are recognizing the potential of AI in transforming drug discovery and are implementing supportive policies to drive growth and innovation in this market.
The Global Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery Market is poised for significant growth in the future, driven by advancements in AI technology and increasing demand for innovative drug discovery solutions. The integration of AI algorithms and machine learning tools in drug discovery processes is expected to streamline and accelerate the identification of novel drug candidates, leading to more efficient and cost-effective drug development. Additionally, the rising prevalence of chronic diseases and the need for personalized medicine are further fueling the adoption of AI in drug discovery. With pharmaceutical companies increasingly investing in AI-driven drug discovery platforms and collaborations between tech companies and healthcare organizations on the rise, the market is projected to expand rapidly in the coming years, offering promising opportunities for growth and innovation.
In the Global Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery Market, Asia is poised for significant growth due to a strong presence of technology companies and increasing investments in research and development. North America leads the market with a robust healthcare infrastructure and early adoption of AI technologies. Europe follows closely with a focus on collaborations between pharmaceutical companies and AI startups. The Middle East and Africa region is witnessing a gradual uptake of AI in drug discovery, driven by government initiatives and partnerships with international organizations. Latin America shows promise with emerging AI startups and a growing pharmaceutical industry. Overall, the market is witnessing dynamic growth globally, with each region showcasing unique opportunities and challenges in the adoption of artificial intelligence for drug discovery.
| Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market | 
| 1 Executive Summary | 
| 2 Introduction | 
| 2.1 Key Highlights of the Report | 
| 2.2 Report Description | 
| 2.3 Market Scope & Segmentation | 
| 2.4 Research Methodology | 
| 2.5 Assumptions | 
| 3 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Overview | 
| 3.1 Global Regional Macro Economic Indicators | 
| 3.2 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 & 2031F | 
| 3.3 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market - Industry Life Cycle | 
| 3.4 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market - Porter's Five Forces | 
| 3.5 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Regions, 2021 & 2031F | 
| 3.6 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Application, 2021 & 2031F | 
| 3.7 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Technology, 2021 & 2031F | 
| 3.8 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Drug Type, 2021 & 2031F | 
| 3.9 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Offering, 2021 & 2031F | 
| 3.10 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Indication, 2021 & 2031F | 
| 3.11 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Revenues & Volume Share, By End Use, 2021 & 2031F | 
| 4 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Dynamics | 
| 4.1 Impact Analysis | 
| 4.2 Market Drivers | 
| 4.3 Market Restraints | 
| 5 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Trends | 
| 6 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.1 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.1.1 Overview & Analysis | 
| 6.1.2 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Novel Drug Candidates, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.1.3 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Drug Optimization and Repurposing Preclinical Testing and Approval, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.1.4 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Drug Monitoring, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.1.5 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Aggregating and Synthesizing Information, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.1.6 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Formation and Qualification of Hypotheses, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.1.7 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By De Novo Drug Design, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.1.8 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Finding Drug Targets of an Old Drug, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.1.9 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Others, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.2 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Technology, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.2.1 Overview & Analysis | 
| 6.2.2 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Machine Learning, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.2.3 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Deep Learning, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.2.4 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Natural Language Processing, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.2.5 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Others, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.3 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Drug Type, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.3.1 Overview & Analysis | 
| 6.3.2 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Small Molecule, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.3.3 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Large Molecule, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.4 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Offering, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.4.1 Overview & Analysis | 
| 6.4.2 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Software, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.4.3 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Services, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.5 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Indication, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.5.1 Overview & Analysis | 
| 6.5.2 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Immuno-Oncology, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.5.3 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Neurodegenerative Diseases, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.5.4 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Cardiovascular Diseases, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.5.5 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Metabolic Diseases, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.5.6 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Others, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.6 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By End Use, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.6.1 Overview & Analysis | 
| 6.6.2 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Contract Research Organizations (CROs), 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.6.3 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.6.4 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Research Centers and Academic Institutes, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 6.6.5 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Others, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 7 North America Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Overview & Analysis | 
| 7.1 North America Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 7.2 North America Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 7.2.1 United States (US) Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 7.2.2 Canada Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 7.2.3 Rest of North America Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 7.3 North America Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 7.4 North America Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Technology, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 7.5 North America Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Drug Type, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 7.6 North America Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Offering, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 7.7 North America Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Indication, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 7.8 North America Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By End Use, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 8 Latin America (LATAM) Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Overview & Analysis | 
| 8.1 Latin America (LATAM) Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 8.2 Latin America (LATAM) Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 8.2.1 Brazil Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 8.2.2 Mexico Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 8.2.3 Argentina Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 8.2.4 Rest of LATAM Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 8.3 Latin America (LATAM) Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 8.4 Latin America (LATAM) Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Technology, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 8.5 Latin America (LATAM) Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Drug Type, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 8.6 Latin America (LATAM) Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Offering, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 8.7 Latin America (LATAM) Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Indication, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 8.8 Latin America (LATAM) Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By End Use, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 9 Asia Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Overview & Analysis | 
| 9.1 Asia Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 9.2 Asia Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 9.2.1 India Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 9.2.2 China Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 9.2.3 Japan Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 9.2.4 Rest of Asia Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 9.3 Asia Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 9.4 Asia Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Technology, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 9.5 Asia Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Drug Type, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 9.6 Asia Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Offering, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 9.7 Asia Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Indication, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 9.8 Asia Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By End Use, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 10 Africa Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Overview & Analysis | 
| 10.1 Africa Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 10.2 Africa Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 10.2.1 South Africa Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 10.2.2 Egypt Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 10.2.3 Nigeria Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 10.2.4 Rest of Africa Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 10.3 Africa Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 10.4 Africa Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Technology, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 10.5 Africa Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Drug Type, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 10.6 Africa Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Offering, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 10.7 Africa Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Indication, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 10.8 Africa Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By End Use, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 11 Europe Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Overview & Analysis | 
| 11.1 Europe Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 11.2 Europe Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 11.2.1 United Kingdom Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 11.2.2 Germany Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 11.2.3 France Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 11.2.4 Rest of Europe Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 11.3 Europe Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 11.4 Europe Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Technology, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 11.5 Europe Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Drug Type, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 11.6 Europe Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Offering, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 11.7 Europe Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Indication, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 11.8 Europe Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By End Use, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 12 Middle East Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Overview & Analysis | 
| 12.1 Middle East Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 12.2 Middle East Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Countries, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 12.2.1 Saudi Arabia Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 12.2.2 UAE Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 12.2.3 Turkey Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 12.3 Middle East Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 12.4 Middle East Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Technology, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 12.5 Middle East Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Drug Type, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 12.6 Middle East Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Offering, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 12.7 Middle East Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By Indication, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 12.8 Middle East Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market, Revenues & Volume, By End Use, 2021 - 2031 | 
| 13 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Key Performance Indicators | 
| 14 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market - Export/Import By Countries Assessment | 
| 15 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market - Opportunity Assessment | 
| 15.1 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Opportunity Assessment, By Countries, 2021 & 2031F | 
| 15.2 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Opportunity Assessment, By Application, 2021 & 2031F | 
| 15.3 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Opportunity Assessment, By Technology, 2021 & 2031F | 
| 15.4 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Opportunity Assessment, By Drug Type, 2021 & 2031F | 
| 15.5 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Opportunity Assessment, By Offering, 2021 & 2031F | 
| 15.6 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Opportunity Assessment, By Indication, 2021 & 2031F | 
| 15.7 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Opportunity Assessment, By End Use, 2021 & 2031F | 
| 16 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market - Competitive Landscape | 
| 16.1 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Revenue Share, By Companies, 2024 | 
| 16.2 Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery Market Competitive Benchmarking, By Operating and Technical Parameters | 
| 17 Top 10 Company Profiles | 
| 18 Recommendations | 
| 19 Disclaimer |